blankets(过渡物/慰藉物/安全毯|你也有“那条小毛毯”吗？)
淘宝优惠券
2024-04-19 14:28
328
过渡物/慰藉物/安全毯|你也有“那条小毛毯”吗？
What is a transitional object?
何为“过渡物”?
In human childhood development, blanketsa transitional obj
ect (comfort object/security blanket)is something, usually a physical object, which takes the place of the mother-child bond. Common examples include dolls, teddy bears or blankets.在人类儿童发育领域,过渡物(慰藉物/安全毯),通常是一个实体物品,它代替了母亲与孩子之间的亲密关系。常见的过渡物包括:布娃娃、泰迪熊或毛毯等。
The term transitional object was coined in 1951 by D.W. Winnicott .Donald Woods Winnicott introduced the concepts of transitional objects and transitional experience in reference to a particular developmental sequence. With ‘transition’ Winnicott means an intermediate developmental phase between the psychic and external reality. In this ‘transitional space’ we can find the ‘transitional object’.
该术语由Donald Woods Winnicott 于1951年提出。Winnicott 从特定发育序列的角度提出了“过渡物”和“过渡体验”概念。这里的“过渡”,是指内在现实与外在现实之间的中间发育阶段。在这一“过渡”空间中,我们便可发现“过渡物”的存在。
When the young child begins to separate the ‘me’ from the ‘not-me’ and evolves from complete dependence to a stage of relative independence, it uses transitional objects. An infant sees himself and the mother as a whole. In this phase the mother ‘brings the world’ to the infant without delay which gives him a ‘moment of illusion’, a belief that his own wish creates the object of his desire which brings with it a sense of satisfaction. Winnicott calls this subjective omnipotence.
当年幼孩子开始将“我”与“非我”区分开来,从完全的依赖,发育至一种相对独立阶段,他们就会使用“过渡物”。婴儿们将自己与母亲视为一个整体。在这一阶段,母亲会及时将“整个世界”带给孩子,这就给孩子造成了一种“短暂错觉”,即,它以为是它的愿望创造了它想要的物体,这就给了它一种满足感。Winnicott将此称为“主观全能感”。
Alongside the subjective omnipotence of a child lies an objective reality. While the subjective omnipotence experience is one in which the child feels that his desires create satisfaction, the objective reality experience is one in which the child independently seeks out objects of desire.
而与一个孩子的主观全能感同时存在的,还有客观现实。在主观全能感体验中,孩子感到自己心想就能事成。而客观现实中,孩子则需要独立找出自己想要的东西。
Later on the child comes to realize that the mother is separate from him through which it appears that the child has lost something. The child realizes that he is dependent on others and thus he loses the idea that he blanketsis independent, a realization which creates a difficult period and brings frustration and anxiety with it. In the end it is impossible that the mother is always there to ‘bring the world’ to the baby, a realization which has a powerful, somewhat painful, but constructive impact on the child. Through fantasizing about the object of his wishes the child will find comfort. A transitional object can be used in this process. The transitional object is often the first ‘not me’ possession that really belongs to the child. These could be real objects like a blanket or a teddy bear, but other ‘objects’, such as a melody or a word, can fulfill this role as well. This object represents all components of ‘mothering’, and it means that the child himself is able to create what he needs as well. It enables the child to have a fantasized bond with the mother when she gradually separates for increasingly longer periods of time. The transitional object is important at the time of going to sleep and as a defence against anxiety.
之后,孩子会慢慢意识到母亲是与自己分离的,这就让孩子有种怅然若失感。孩子开始意识到他是依赖于他人的,从而不再觉得自己是独立的,这一认识,给孩子带来了一段艰难时期,而且让孩子感到沮丧和焦虑。最后,孩子意识到母亲并不会一直在身边,为自己“带来整个世界”,这一认识对孩子产生着强大、在一定程度上有些痛苦,而且有益的影响。通过幻想想要的物品,孩子会从中找到慰藉。在这一过程中,就可能会使用“过渡物”。
过渡物通常是第一个真正属于孩子的“非我”物品。它们可能是实际存在之物,如毛毯或泰迪熊等,也可能是其他对象,如一段韵律或一个词等。这类物品代表着“母爱”的一切元素,而且它意味着孩子能够主动去满足个人需求。当母亲逐渐越来越长时间和孩子分离时,这类过渡物会给孩子带来幻想中的与母亲之间的亲密关系。过渡物在孩子入睡,或消除焦虑时,具有重要作用。
According to the New York University Psychoanalytical Institute, “the transitional object may be conceived of in three ways: as typifying a phase in a child's development; as a defense against separation anxiety; and, lastly, as a neutral sphere in which experience is not challenged.”
纽约大学心理分析学院认为:“一个对象被作为过渡物,有三种可能:象征孩子的某个发育阶段;
抵御分离焦虑;
作为一个中立空间,在这一空间中,个人体验不会受到任何挑战。”
Transitional objects and human development
过渡物与人类发育
A transitional object provides an understanding of human development commencing with infancy and early childhood. According to developmental psychologist Robert Kegan, human development is not possible without self-referential contexts and meanings. As Kegan states, “meanings are founded on the distinctions each person makes of the stimuli he or she engages with” — mainly the object(s) they receive, choose, or discover which have an internal life of their own. However, if the self-appointed object is refuted, critiqued, or denied in any way, attachment difficulties may arise blanketslater in life. The object allows for and invites emotional well-being, and without such an object, true feelings may be concealed, suppressed, or dismissed as the infant/child has no other means by which to cope with, comprehend, and contend with the world.
过渡物让我们可以了解人类从婴幼儿时期开始的发育过程。根据发育心理学家 Robert Kegan 所说,如果没有跟自己相关的环境和意义,那么人类就无法发育成长。如 Kegan所说,“意义,基于每个人对刺激物的区别对待,”——这些刺激物主要是他们收到、选择或发现的,并拥有内在生命的一些物品。但,如果他们所选择的这一物品被否定、批判或拒绝给予,在之后的人生中就可能会出现关系依恋方面的障碍。该物品有助于情绪健康,如果没有这样一个物品,婴儿/儿童就无法去面对、理解或应付这个世界,因此,真正感受可能就会被隐藏、压抑,或无视。
In the earliest of classrooms, transitions are experienced over and over. A parent says goodbye and the child responds in a cathartic release of emotion. It is in these moments where the healing power of transitional objects is fully utilized. A “Mother” offers her son an old t-shirt she has worn and the sensorial elements calm and support this child through the good-bye, as he metaphorically and literally holds on to the promise of her return.
在最早期的课堂中,这种过渡现象频繁发生。当一位父母会向孩子告别,孩子会大肆发泄情绪,正是在这种时刻,过渡物的慰藉疗愈效力大放异彩。一位“母亲”给孩子一件她穿过的旧T恤,T恤上的那熟悉的各种感官因素会让孩子平静下来,让孩子度过这段分别时段,同时,孩子紧紧握着这件T恤,因为它意味着母亲肯定会回来。
As an early childhood educator, prior to the start of school, I visited every family in their home and asked parents what their child’s transitional object was. Most families shared that their child was “perfectly fine” and didn’t “need” anything. Once school began, however, I observed that those children who did not apparently “need” a transitional object were using self-chosen objects that they had discovered in the classroom. If Mom had left her scarf unintentionally, it became a security blanket. Other children would carry pillows or stuffed animals they discovered in the classroom, hold on to them tenaciously until the parent returned, and then release these items with utter abandon – flung in the air as the children ran to their mother or father.
作为一位早期教育者,在开学之前,我前往每一位学生家中家访,向他们的父母询问他们孩子的过渡物是什么。很多家长都告诉我他们的孩子“非常正常”,“不需要任何东西”。而一旦开学后,我观察到,那些表面上看并不需要任何过渡物的孩子,实际上会自己在教室中自己选择一样东西作为过渡物。如果妈妈不小心遗落了围巾,那么它就变成了一个“安全毯”。其他孩子则会选择他们在教室里发现的抱枕或毛绒玩具,形影不离地带着它们,直到他们的父母出现。之后他们会随意抛弃这些物品——把它们扔向空中,跑向自己的父母。
In other situations, transitional objects were often apologized for by parents, and hidden in cubbies, or backpacks.
而有时候,一些父母会因为过渡物而道歉,或这些过渡物会被孩子们藏在他们的柜子格子里或背包里。
Why are trablanketsnsitional objects perceived as socially unacceptable, restricted, and allocated to certain times and places? If taken in context as part of human development, if the object thought to make one stronger and more resilient in the face of difference and trauma, is removed or denied access to, it can actually create more anxiety. In fact, research indicates that those children who were deprived of object relations were often more susceptible to pathological disorders. In addition, the usage, availability and consideration of such objects can enhance the connectedness between child and adult and amongst children themselves.
为什么过渡物会被视为不符社会标准、受到限制,并只被允许局限于特定时间或场所呢?如果将其置于人类发育这一宏观背景中,如果一件物品可以让一个人变得更坚强、面对差异或创伤时更坚强,那么,拿走该物品,或拒绝给予该物品,则的确会导致更多焦虑。实际上,研究发现,被剥夺与物品之间关系的孩子,通常更易于罹患生理或心理疾病。另外,使用这些物品、这些物品的存在,以及想到这些物品,都会提升孩子与成人之间的关系,以及孩子之间的关系。
The transitional object which is self-chosen by a child to provide comfort, solace, predictability, and constancy — representational of a stable and predictable world.Transitional objects typify that which is rudimentary and sound. In essence, the object represents the process by which one can navigate life, and experience a homeostatic inner balance, a cohesive sense of well-being at every developmental milestone.
过渡物是由孩子自主选择的,能够为孩子提供慰藉、安抚、可预测性和恒常性——代表了一个稳定、可预测的世界。过渡物象征着那些最基础、最安全的事物。本质上,它代表着一个过程,通过这一过程,人们可以安然应对人生,并且,在每个发育里程碑阶段,保持内在平衡、保持一种完整的幸福快乐感。
According to Mark Brenner, transitional objects continue through the course of our lives, as “sacred keepsakes” which pull us back to “a place and time of great solace and memory.” It is the dependence, identification, and attachment to objects outside of the self — photographs, wedding bands, mementos, music, art and culture — which define both nostalgic memorials, but more importantly, define a state of connection and presence in the world.
根据 Mark Brenner所说,过渡物作为一种将我们不断拉回至那个“有着强大慰藉力量和美好记忆的时空”的“神圣的纪念物”,在我们的人生中继续存在着。是那种对某件“身外之物”——照片、婚礼乐队、纪念物、音乐、艺术作品和文化——的依赖感、认同感和依恋感,为这些怀旧纪念物赋予了独特含义,但更重要的是,它同时也定义了在这个世界上的一种联系感和存在感。
A 1979 study by psychologist and security object expert Richard Passman found that around 60 percent of kids are attached to a toy, blanket, or pacifier during the first three years of life. Until kids reach school age, there is no gender difference in attachment, but girls tend to pull ahead around age 5 or 6, probably because of social pressure on boys to put away soft toys.
心理学家和安全物专家 Richard Passman 在1979年开展的一项研究发现,约60%的孩子在三岁之前,对某样玩具、毯子或奶嘴具有依恋感。在他们读书之前,这种依恋是没有性别差异的。但女孩子中的这种依恋现象会持续至约5到6岁,这可能是因为我们社会会给男孩子们施加压力,让他们收起柔软玩具。
Until the 1970s, psychologists believed that these attachments were bad, reflecting a failing by the child's mother.
直到上世纪70年代,心理学家还认为这种依恋现象是不健康的,代表着母亲的失职。
But research by Passman and others began to contradict that notion. One study published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 2000, for example, found that kids who had their beloved blankets with them at the doctor's office experienced less distress, as measured by blood pressure and heart rate. Apparently, security blankets really do live up to their name.
但 Passman 和其他人的研究成果却提出了相反结论。在2000年《咨询与临床心理学期刊》中的一项研究就表明,根据对血压和心率的测量结果,该研究发现在医生诊室中,带着自己心爱小毯子的孩子的痛苦感会较低。很明显,“安全毯”实至名归。
Even as the need for a security object fades, the attachment may linger. One small study of 230 middle-school students, published in the Journal of tblanketshe American Academy of Child Psychiatry in 1986, found that while 21 percent of girls and 12 percent of boys still used their security object at age 13 or 14, 73 percent of the girls and 45 percent of the boys still knew where the object was.
即使当对这种慰藉物的需求渐渐消逝,这种依恋可能会继续延续。1986年《美国儿童精神医学协会期刊》中发布了一项对230位中学生展开的小规模研究。该研究发现,21%的女生和12%的男生在13或14岁时,依旧还在使用他们的“慰藉物”。同时,73%的女生和45%的男生依旧知道他们的“慰藉物”现在放在哪里。
Even Grown-Ups Need Security Blankets
即使成年人也需要安全毯
A study conducted by the hotel chain Travelodge produced some surprising statistics about the widespread use of adult comfort objects in the United Kingdom. Some 75,000 teddy bears had been left behind in 452 English hotels, and when employees of Travelodge tried to reunite the bears with their owners, they found that a great many were not owned by children. The hotel chain then surveyed 6,000 Britons about the role of teddy bears in their lives. Here’s what the study found.
连锁酒店 Travelodge 开展的一项关于英国成年人慰藉物使用情况的研究,给我们展示了一些令人意想不到的数据。在452家英国酒店中,共有约7.5万只泰迪熊被落下,而当 Travelodge的员工试图归还这些泰迪熊时,他们发现其中很多的主人其实并非孩子。之后,针对泰迪熊在每个人生活扮演着怎样的角色,该酒店对6000名英国人展开了调查。调查结果如下:
25 percent of male respondents reported they take their teddy bear with them when going away on business. Many said the bear reminds them of home and a cuddle helps them to nod off.
25%的男性受访者表示他们出差时会带着自己的泰迪熊。很多人说,他们的泰迪熊会让他们想起自己的家,而抱抱泰迪熊,则会有助于他们入睡。
51 percent of British adults said they still have a teddy bear from their childhood and the average teddy in Britain was 27 years old, the survey said.
51%的英国成年人表示,他们依旧还保留着童年时期的一个泰迪熊,而且,在英国,泰迪熊的平均年龄是27岁。
One-in-ten single men surveyed in England admitted they hide their teddy bear when their girlfriend stayed over, while 14 percent of married men reported they hide their teddy bear when any family and friends came to visit.
英格兰受访的单身男性中,1/10的人承认,当他们的女友留宿时,他们会将自己的泰迪熊藏起来,而14%的已婚男性则表示,当有家人或朋友来访时,他们会藏起自己的泰迪熊。
15 percent of men versus 10 percent of women reported they treat their teddy as their best friend and will share their intimate secrets with their bear.
15%的男性以及10%的女性表示,他们将自己的泰迪熊视为自己最好的朋友,而且会与它分享自己最深的秘密。
26 percent of male respondents stated it was quite acceptable to have a bear regardless of your age.
26%的男性受访者表示,不管在什么年龄,有泰迪熊都是完全可以接受的事情。
Once they mature and learn to self-soothe, not all people give up their comfort objects. Some of them continue making use of their teddy bears to help them get to sleep when they’re away from home, for example, or at the end of a stressful day.
即使当人们成熟起来,学会自我安慰,也并非所有人都会摒弃自己的慰藉物。一些人可能会继续使用他们的泰迪熊,比如,当他们出门在外时,或经历了一天的劳累后,用泰迪熊来帮自己入眠。
Despite those 26 percent of men who said it was acceptable to have a bear at any age, many of them nonetheless felt ashamed about having one: They stashed their own in the closet when girlfriends, family, and other visitors came to call. I guess I’m not the only one who absorbed the message that transitional objects belong exclusively to childhood.
尽管上面26%的男性表示在任何年龄,有泰迪熊都是可以接受的,但他们之中很多人却依旧还是为拥有泰迪熊而感到羞耻:当女友、家人或其他人来访时,他们会藏起自己的泰迪熊。我猜,我不是唯一一个内化“过渡物只属于孩子”这一观点的人。
But there’s no reason why those men (or anyone else) should feel ashamed. In this anxiety-ridden age, suffused with anger and uncertainty, all of us need to take our comfort wherever we can find it.
但没有任何理由让这些男性(或其他任何人)感到羞耻。在当今焦虑满满的时代,愤怒与不确定性充斥各处,我们所有人都需要尽可能地获取安慰。
From the perspective of “Essentialism”
从“本质论”的角度诠释
"Essentialism," : the idea that objects are more than just their physical properties.
本质论(精粹论):使一个物体成为其本身的,并不仅仅只是其物理特性。
Consider: If someone offered to replace a cherished item, like your wedding ring, with an exact, indistinguishable replica, would you accept? Most people refuse, because they believe there is something special about their particular ring. It's the same reason we might feel revulsion at wearing a shirt owned by a murderer. Objects are emotional.
试想:如果一个人提出要用一个完全一模一样的复制物来替换你的心爱之物,比如你的婚戒,你是否会同意?大多数人都不会同意,因为他们觉得这枚婚戒中有一种特别的东西。也正是出于相同原因,当我们穿一件杀人凶手穿过的衬衫时,我们可能会有强烈反感。
物体,是情绪化的。
Belief in essentialism starts early. In a 2007 study published in the journal Cognition, Hood and his colleagues told 3- to 6-year-old children that they could put their toys in a "copy box" that would exchange them for duplicates. The kids didn't care whether they played with originals or duplicates of most toys, but when offered the chance to duplicate their most cherished item, 25 percent refused. Most of those who did agree to duplicate their beloved toy wanted the original back right away, Hood reported. The kids had an emotional connection to that blanket, or that teddy bear, not one that looked just like it.
对本质论的支持很早就已出现。在期刊《认知》中所发布的一项2007年的研究中,Hood和其同事告诉一群3-6岁的孩子,他们可以把他们的玩具放到一个“复制盒”中,这个盒子会把玩具变成复制品。对于大多数玩具,孩子们根本不在乎他们玩的是本来的玩具还是“复制品”。但当告诉他们可以将最喜爱的物品放进去复制时,25%的孩子拒绝了。而对于那些的确同意复制最心爱玩具的孩子,其中大多数想要立刻拿回他们本来的玩具。这些孩子们这种独特情感只针对“那条”毯子、或“那只”泰迪熊,而非其他即使看起来一模一样的东西。
Even in adulthood, those emotions don't fade. In a study published in August 2010 in the Journal of Cognition and Culture, Hood and his fellow researchers asked people to cut up photographs of a cherished item. While the participants cut, the researchers recorded their galvanic skin response, a measure of tiny changes in sweat production on the skin. The more sweat, the more agitated the person.
即使在成年后,这些感情也并不会消褪。在《认知与文化》期刊2020年8月发布的一项研究中,Hood和他的研究人员同事让人们切割他们心爱之物的照片。当他们切割时,研究人员记录了他们的皮肤电反应,这可以检测出皮肤汗液分泌的细微变化。越多汗,意味着该人越激动。
The results showed that participants had a significant stress response to cutting up pictures of their beloved item compared with cutting up a picture of a valuable or neutral item. People even became distressed when researchers had them cut up a picture of their cherished item that was blurred past recognition.
结果显示,相对于切割一个宝贵或无情感含义的物品的照片,当切割心爱之物的照片时,这些实验对象表现出了显著的应激反应。甚至当研究人员让他们切割的心爱之物的照片已经模糊到无法辨识时,他们依旧会表现出痛苦感。
From the Perspective of “Endowment Effect”
从“禀赋效应”角度诠释
Studies on marketing and purchasing decisions suggest that our tendency to love objects goes beyond the soft and cuddly.
对市场营销和购买决策的研究显示,我们对物品的喜好,并不只限于那些柔软和想让人抱抱的物品。
A 2008 study in the Journal of Judgment and Decision Making revealed that people who held onto a mug for 30 seconds before bidding for it in an auction offered an average of 83 cents more for it than people who held the mug for 10 seconds.
在《判断和决策制定期刊》中的一项2008年的研究显示,在一场拍卖中,在出价前,握住水杯30秒的人,要比握住水杯仅10秒钟的人,对该水杯的平均出价高出83美分。
The effect is even greater when the item is fun to touch, said Suzanne Shu, a professor of behavioral sciences in the school of management at the University of California, Los Angeles. She's done studies finding that people get more attached to a pen with a "nice, smooshy grip" than an identical, gripless pen.
当物品触感愉悦时,该效应更明显,洛杉矶加州大学管理学院行为科学教授 Suzanne Shu说道。她曾做过相关研究,结果发现,相对于一只一模一样、但无防滑套的笔,人们更喜欢一只“柔软有弹性防滑套”的笔。
The findings seem to be an extension of what's called the "endowment effect," or people's tendency to value things more when they feel ownership over it, Shu said.
“这些发现结果似乎是“禀赋效应”的延伸。禀赋效应,即,当人们感到对一件物品有所有权时,他们就更可能重视它。” Shu表示。
"Part of the story of what happens with touch is it almost becomes an extension of yourself," she said. "You feel like it's more a part of you, and you just have this deeper attachment to it."
“关于触觉的这种神奇魔力,其中一部分原因是,它让你感觉成为了你身体的一个延伸部分,”她说,“你感到它更像是你的一部分,你与它之间就产生了一种更深的联系。”
Whether this touch-based attachment might relate to the love people feel for snuggly childhood teddy bears, no one yet knows. But human relationships to objects can certainly be long-running and deep.
这种触觉所带来的依恋是否与人们对童年时期的可爱泰迪熊的依恋相关,目前还不得而知,但人类与物品之间的情感肯定是可以持久、深刻的。
So when might a security blanket or a comfort habit become a problem?
何时安全毯或慰藉习惯才会有问题?
If it’s just a little much-cuddled blanket or soft toy, your only real worry will be trying to get the stinking article in the washing machine sometimes, or if it’s unique, what you’re going to do about it when it gets lost. And eventually – years on – there’s the possibility that it will cause you a little embarrassment or difficulty if they’re still trailing it round at school-age and need to be dissuaded from taking it in to the classroom with them.
如果只是一个常常被抱着的小毯子或柔软玩具,你唯一需要担心的,只是有时候该如何想法设法把这件脏兮兮的小物品丢到洗衣机里。或者,如果它很独特,当它丢了时你该怎么办。而且,数年后,如果到了读书年龄孩子还依旧带着它,而且需要被劝说不要把它带到教室时,它还可能会给你带来一些尴尬或者困难。
Dummies and thumbs are a little different, because dentists remind us that really serious sucking habits can misalign teeth, whilst speech therapists warn they could hinder speech and language development (which certainly makes sense: if a child’s always got a teat in his mouth, he won’t be able to talk, and practise talking, properly.)
但安抚奶嘴和拇指却稍有不同,因为牙医告诉我们,严重的吮吸习惯会导致牙齿不整齐,而语言理疗师也警告说它们会阻碍语言能力的发育(这个很容易理解:如果一个孩子总是含着安抚奶嘴,那么他就无法好好地说话或练习说话等。)
Neither of these things need be a problem with sensible dummy use – in other words, if they only have their dummy when it’s truly needed, at sleep times or when the chips are down and comfort is required. Thumbs, of course, cannot be taken away but accepted wisdom is that you’ll only make it worse if you pester a thumb-sucker to stop. Better to chill out about it and, if it persists beyond school age, to perhaps employ some gentle, positive tactics that will encourage them to stop in their own time: a reward chart may well prove to be your friend here.
而如果合理使用——比如只有在真正需要的时候、睡觉时,或特别需要慰藉时才使用安抚奶嘴——那么就无需担心。当然,拇指没法拿掉,但经验证明,持续强行要求孩子停止这种习惯,只会让情形变得更糟。最好泰然处之,随它而去,如果过了学龄,这种习惯依旧持续,如果想要用一些柔和、正面的干预措施:那么奖励表这种方式可能会很有效。
Bottom line is there’s no compelling reason not to give a baby a comforter of some sort if you think it could be helpful, or discourage them from developing a comfort habit of their own if that’s what they seem to be doing. And in most cases, there should be no need to feel alarmed about it even if the habit continues for a long time to come.
总之,如果你觉得某种安慰物品对孩子会有益,那么就没什么特别正当的理由去拒绝给予孩子这样东西,如果孩子似乎在形成某种慰藉习惯,那么也没有什么特别正当的理由去阻止他形成这种习惯。而且,在大多数情形下,即使这种习惯在未来会持续很久,也没必要大惊小怪。
Truth is, the vast majority of comfort habits and transitional objects will be left behind by the comfort seeker themselves at some point, without too much in the way of heartache or hassle, and with no undue consequences.
事实上,在某个人生阶段,这些慰藉习惯和过渡物都会被自然而然抛诸脑后,而且不会带来任何不良后果。
References:
https://psychcentral.com/blog/do-you-still-have-a-security-blanket/
https://www.kiddycharts.com/behaviour/security-blanket-does-your-little-one-have-a-comfort-habit/
https://www.mentalhelp.net/blogs/the-transitional-objects-and-self-comfort/
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/shame/201806/no-shame-in-adult-comfort-dolls
https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Transitional_objects
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-guest-room/201407/more-just-teddy-bears
Modified on 2020-03-17
本站涵盖的内容、图片、视频等数据系网络收集，部分未能与原作者取得联系。若涉及版权问题，请联系我们进行删除！谢谢大家！
过渡物/慰藉物/安全毯|你也有“那条小毛毯”吗？
What is a transitional object?
何为“过渡物”?
In human childhood development, blanketsa transitional obj
在人类儿童发育领域,过渡物(慰藉物/安全毯),通常是一个实体物品,它代替了母亲与孩子之间的亲密关系。常见的过渡物包括:布娃娃、泰迪熊或毛毯等。
The term transitional object was coined in 1951 by D.W. Winnicott .Donald Woods Winnicott introduced the concepts of transitional objects and transitional experience in reference to a particular developmental sequence. With ‘transition’ Winnicott means an intermediate developmental phase between the psychic and external reality. In this ‘transitional space’ we can find the ‘transitional object’.
该术语由Donald Woods Winnicott 于1951年提出。Winnicott 从特定发育序列的角度提出了“过渡物”和“过渡体验”概念。这里的“过渡”,是指内在现实与外在现实之间的中间发育阶段。在这一“过渡”空间中,我们便可发现“过渡物”的存在。
When the young child begins to separate the ‘me’ from the ‘not-me’ and evolves from complete dependence to a stage of relative independence, it uses transitional objects. An infant sees himself and the mother as a whole. In this phase the mother ‘brings the world’ to the infant without delay which gives him a ‘moment of illusion’, a belief that his own wish creates the object of his desire which brings with it a sense of satisfaction. Winnicott calls this subjective omnipotence.
当年幼孩子开始将“我”与“非我”区分开来,从完全的依赖,发育至一种相对独立阶段,他们就会使用“过渡物”。婴儿们将自己与母亲视为一个整体。在这一阶段,母亲会及时将“整个世界”带给孩子,这就给孩子造成了一种“短暂错觉”,即,它以为是它的愿望创造了它想要的物体,这就给了它一种满足感。Winnicott将此称为“主观全能感”。
Alongside the subjective omnipotence of a child lies an objective reality. While the subjective omnipotence experience is one in which the child feels that his desires create satisfaction, the objective reality experience is one in which the child independently seeks out objects of desire.
而与一个孩子的主观全能感同时存在的,还有客观现实。在主观全能感体验中,孩子感到自己心想就能事成。而客观现实中,孩子则需要独立找出自己想要的东西。
Later on the child comes to realize that the mother is separate from him through which it appears that the child has lost something. The child realizes that he is dependent on others and thus he loses the idea that he blanketsis independent, a realization which creates a difficult period and brings frustration and anxiety with it. In the end it is impossible that the mother is always there to ‘bring the world’ to the baby, a realization which has a powerful, somewhat painful, but constructive impact on the child. Through fantasizing about the object of his wishes the child will find comfort. A transitional object can be used in this process. The transitional object is often the first ‘not me’ possession that really belongs to the child. These could be real objects like a blanket or a teddy bear, but other ‘objects’, such as a melody or a word, can fulfill this role as well. This object represents all components of ‘mothering’, and it means that the child himself is able to create what he needs as well. It enables the child to have a fantasized bond with the mother when she gradually separates for increasingly longer periods of time. The transitional object is important at the time of going to sleep and as a defence against anxiety.
之后,孩子会慢慢意识到母亲是与自己分离的,这就让孩子有种怅然若失感。孩子开始意识到他是依赖于他人的,从而不再觉得自己是独立的,这一认识,给孩子带来了一段艰难时期,而且让孩子感到沮丧和焦虑。最后,孩子意识到母亲并不会一直在身边,为自己“带来整个世界”,这一认识对孩子产生着强大、在一定程度上有些痛苦,而且有益的影响。通过幻想想要的物品,孩子会从中找到慰藉。在这一过程中,就可能会使用“过渡物”。
过渡物通常是第一个真正属于孩子的“非我”物品。它们可能是实际存在之物,如毛毯或泰迪熊等,也可能是其他对象,如一段韵律或一个词等。这类物品代表着“母爱”的一切元素,而且它意味着孩子能够主动去满足个人需求。当母亲逐渐越来越长时间和孩子分离时,这类过渡物会给孩子带来幻想中的与母亲之间的亲密关系。过渡物在孩子入睡,或消除焦虑时,具有重要作用。
According to the New York University Psychoanalytical Institute, “the transitional object may be conceived of in three ways: as typifying a phase in a child's development; as a defense against separation anxiety; and, lastly, as a neutral sphere in which experience is not challenged.”
纽约大学心理分析学院认为:“一个对象被作为过渡物,有三种可能:象征孩子的某个发育阶段;
抵御分离焦虑;
作为一个中立空间,在这一空间中,个人体验不会受到任何挑战。”
Transitional objects and human development
过渡物与人类发育
A transitional object provides an understanding of human development commencing with infancy and early childhood. According to developmental psychologist Robert Kegan, human development is not possible without self-referential contexts and meanings. As Kegan states, “meanings are founded on the distinctions each person makes of the stimuli he or she engages with” — mainly the object(s) they receive, choose, or discover which have an internal life of their own. However, if the self-appointed object is refuted, critiqued, or denied in any way, attachment difficulties may arise blanketslater in life. The object allows for and invites emotional well-being, and without such an object, true feelings may be concealed, suppressed, or dismissed as the infant/child has no other means by which to cope with, comprehend, and contend with the world.
过渡物让我们可以了解人类从婴幼儿时期开始的发育过程。根据发育心理学家 Robert Kegan 所说,如果没有跟自己相关的环境和意义,那么人类就无法发育成长。如 Kegan所说,“意义,基于每个人对刺激物的区别对待,”——这些刺激物主要是他们收到、选择或发现的,并拥有内在生命的一些物品。但,如果他们所选择的这一物品被否定、批判或拒绝给予,在之后的人生中就可能会出现关系依恋方面的障碍。该物品有助于情绪健康,如果没有这样一个物品,婴儿/儿童就无法去面对、理解或应付这个世界,因此,真正感受可能就会被隐藏、压抑,或无视。
In the earliest of classrooms, transitions are experienced over and over. A parent says goodbye and the child responds in a cathartic release of emotion. It is in these moments where the healing power of transitional objects is fully utilized. A “Mother” offers her son an old t-shirt she has worn and the sensorial elements calm and support this child through the good-bye, as he metaphorically and literally holds on to the promise of her return.
在最早期的课堂中,这种过渡现象频繁发生。当一位父母会向孩子告别,孩子会大肆发泄情绪,正是在这种时刻,过渡物的慰藉疗愈效力大放异彩。一位“母亲”给孩子一件她穿过的旧T恤,T恤上的那熟悉的各种感官因素会让孩子平静下来,让孩子度过这段分别时段,同时,孩子紧紧握着这件T恤,因为它意味着母亲肯定会回来。
As an early childhood educator, prior to the start of school, I visited every family in their home and asked parents what their child’s transitional object was. Most families shared that their child was “perfectly fine” and didn’t “need” anything. Once school began, however, I observed that those children who did not apparently “need” a transitional object were using self-chosen objects that they had discovered in the classroom. If Mom had left her scarf unintentionally, it became a security blanket. Other children would carry pillows or stuffed animals they discovered in the classroom, hold on to them tenaciously until the parent returned, and then release these items with utter abandon – flung in the air as the children ran to their mother or father.
作为一位早期教育者,在开学之前,我前往每一位学生家中家访,向他们的父母询问他们孩子的过渡物是什么。很多家长都告诉我他们的孩子“非常正常”,“不需要任何东西”。而一旦开学后,我观察到,那些表面上看并不需要任何过渡物的孩子,实际上会自己在教室中自己选择一样东西作为过渡物。如果妈妈不小心遗落了围巾,那么它就变成了一个“安全毯”。其他孩子则会选择他们在教室里发现的抱枕或毛绒玩具,形影不离地带着它们,直到他们的父母出现。之后他们会随意抛弃这些物品——把它们扔向空中,跑向自己的父母。
In other situations, transitional objects were often apologized for by parents, and hidden in cubbies, or backpacks.
而有时候,一些父母会因为过渡物而道歉,或这些过渡物会被孩子们藏在他们的柜子格子里或背包里。
Why are trablanketsnsitional objects perceived as socially unacceptable, restricted, and allocated to certain times and places? If taken in context as part of human development, if the object thought to make one stronger and more resilient in the face of difference and trauma, is removed or denied access to, it can actually create more anxiety. In fact, research indicates that those children who were deprived of object relations were often more susceptible to pathological disorders. In addition, the usage, availability and consideration of such objects can enhance the connectedness between child and adult and amongst children themselves.
为什么过渡物会被视为不符社会标准、受到限制,并只被允许局限于特定时间或场所呢?如果将其置于人类发育这一宏观背景中,如果一件物品可以让一个人变得更坚强、面对差异或创伤时更坚强,那么,拿走该物品,或拒绝给予该物品,则的确会导致更多焦虑。实际上,研究发现,被剥夺与物品之间关系的孩子,通常更易于罹患生理或心理疾病。另外,使用这些物品、这些物品的存在,以及想到这些物品,都会提升孩子与成人之间的关系,以及孩子之间的关系。
The transitional object which is self-chosen by a child to provide comfort, solace, predictability, and constancy — representational of a stable and predictable world.Transitional objects typify that which is rudimentary and sound. In essence, the object represents the process by which one can navigate life, and experience a homeostatic inner balance, a cohesive sense of well-being at every developmental milestone.
过渡物是由孩子自主选择的,能够为孩子提供慰藉、安抚、可预测性和恒常性——代表了一个稳定、可预测的世界。过渡物象征着那些最基础、最安全的事物。本质上,它代表着一个过程,通过这一过程,人们可以安然应对人生,并且,在每个发育里程碑阶段,保持内在平衡、保持一种完整的幸福快乐感。
According to Mark Brenner, transitional objects continue through the course of our lives, as “sacred keepsakes” which pull us back to “a place and time of great solace and memory.” It is the dependence, identification, and attachment to objects outside of the self — photographs, wedding bands, mementos, music, art and culture — which define both nostalgic memorials, but more importantly, define a state of connection and presence in the world.
根据 Mark Brenner所说,过渡物作为一种将我们不断拉回至那个“有着强大慰藉力量和美好记忆的时空”的“神圣的纪念物”,在我们的人生中继续存在着。是那种对某件“身外之物”——照片、婚礼乐队、纪念物、音乐、艺术作品和文化——的依赖感、认同感和依恋感,为这些怀旧纪念物赋予了独特含义,但更重要的是,它同时也定义了在这个世界上的一种联系感和存在感。
A 1979 study by psychologist and security object expert Richard Passman found that around 60 percent of kids are attached to a toy, blanket, or pacifier during the first three years of life. Until kids reach school age, there is no gender difference in attachment, but girls tend to pull ahead around age 5 or 6, probably because of social pressure on boys to put away soft toys.
心理学家和安全物专家 Richard Passman 在1979年开展的一项研究发现,约60%的孩子在三岁之前,对某样玩具、毯子或奶嘴具有依恋感。在他们读书之前,这种依恋是没有性别差异的。但女孩子中的这种依恋现象会持续至约5到6岁,这可能是因为我们社会会给男孩子们施加压力,让他们收起柔软玩具。
Until the 1970s, psychologists believed that these attachments were bad, reflecting a failing by the child's mother.
直到上世纪70年代,心理学家还认为这种依恋现象是不健康的,代表着母亲的失职。
But research by Passman and others began to contradict that notion. One study published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 2000, for example, found that kids who had their beloved blankets with them at the doctor's office experienced less distress, as measured by blood pressure and heart rate. Apparently, security blankets really do live up to their name.
但 Passman 和其他人的研究成果却提出了相反结论。在2000年《咨询与临床心理学期刊》中的一项研究就表明,根据对血压和心率的测量结果,该研究发现在医生诊室中,带着自己心爱小毯子的孩子的痛苦感会较低。很明显,“安全毯”实至名归。
Even as the need for a security object fades, the attachment may linger. One small study of 230 middle-school students, published in the Journal of tblanketshe American Academy of Child Psychiatry in 1986, found that while 21 percent of girls and 12 percent of boys still used their security object at age 13 or 14, 73 percent of the girls and 45 percent of the boys still knew where the object was.
即使当对这种慰藉物的需求渐渐消逝,这种依恋可能会继续延续。1986年《美国儿童精神医学协会期刊》中发布了一项对230位中学生展开的小规模研究。该研究发现,21%的女生和12%的男生在13或14岁时,依旧还在使用他们的“慰藉物”。同时,73%的女生和45%的男生依旧知道他们的“慰藉物”现在放在哪里。
Even Grown-Ups Need Security Blankets
即使成年人也需要安全毯
A study conducted by the hotel chain Travelodge produced some surprising statistics about the widespread use of adult comfort objects in the United Kingdom. Some 75,000 teddy bears had been left behind in 452 English hotels, and when employees of Travelodge tried to reunite the bears with their owners, they found that a great many were not owned by children. The hotel chain then surveyed 6,000 Britons about the role of teddy bears in their lives. Here’s what the study found.
连锁酒店 Travelodge 开展的一项关于英国成年人慰藉物使用情况的研究,给我们展示了一些令人意想不到的数据。在452家英国酒店中,共有约7.5万只泰迪熊被落下,而当 Travelodge的员工试图归还这些泰迪熊时,他们发现其中很多的主人其实并非孩子。之后,针对泰迪熊在每个人生活扮演着怎样的角色,该酒店对6000名英国人展开了调查。调查结果如下:
25 percent of male respondents reported they take their teddy bear with them when going away on business. Many said the bear reminds them of home and a cuddle helps them to nod off.
25%的男性受访者表示他们出差时会带着自己的泰迪熊。很多人说,他们的泰迪熊会让他们想起自己的家,而抱抱泰迪熊,则会有助于他们入睡。
51 percent of British adults said they still have a teddy bear from their childhood and the average teddy in Britain was 27 years old, the survey said.
51%的英国成年人表示,他们依旧还保留着童年时期的一个泰迪熊,而且,在英国,泰迪熊的平均年龄是27岁。
One-in-ten single men surveyed in England admitted they hide their teddy bear when their girlfriend stayed over, while 14 percent of married men reported they hide their teddy bear when any family and friends came to visit.
英格兰受访的单身男性中,1/10的人承认,当他们的女友留宿时,他们会将自己的泰迪熊藏起来,而14%的已婚男性则表示,当有家人或朋友来访时,他们会藏起自己的泰迪熊。
15 percent of men versus 10 percent of women reported they treat their teddy as their best friend and will share their intimate secrets with their bear.
15%的男性以及10%的女性表示,他们将自己的泰迪熊视为自己最好的朋友,而且会与它分享自己最深的秘密。
26 percent of male respondents stated it was quite acceptable to have a bear regardless of your age.
26%的男性受访者表示,不管在什么年龄,有泰迪熊都是完全可以接受的事情。
Once they mature and learn to self-soothe, not all people give up their comfort objects. Some of them continue making use of their teddy bears to help them get to sleep when they’re away from home, for example, or at the end of a stressful day.
即使当人们成熟起来,学会自我安慰,也并非所有人都会摒弃自己的慰藉物。一些人可能会继续使用他们的泰迪熊,比如,当他们出门在外时,或经历了一天的劳累后,用泰迪熊来帮自己入眠。
Despite those 26 percent of men who said it was acceptable to have a bear at any age, many of them nonetheless felt ashamed about having one: They stashed their own in the closet when girlfriends, family, and other visitors came to call. I guess I’m not the only one who absorbed the message that transitional objects belong exclusively to childhood.
尽管上面26%的男性表示在任何年龄,有泰迪熊都是可以接受的,但他们之中很多人却依旧还是为拥有泰迪熊而感到羞耻:当女友、家人或其他人来访时,他们会藏起自己的泰迪熊。我猜,我不是唯一一个内化“过渡物只属于孩子”这一观点的人。
But there’s no reason why those men (or anyone else) should feel ashamed. In this anxiety-ridden age, suffused with anger and uncertainty, all of us need to take our comfort wherever we can find it.
但没有任何理由让这些男性(或其他任何人)感到羞耻。在当今焦虑满满的时代,愤怒与不确定性充斥各处,我们所有人都需要尽可能地获取安慰。
From the perspective of “Essentialism”
从“本质论”的角度诠释
"Essentialism," : the idea that objects are more than just their physical properties.
本质论(精粹论):使一个物体成为其本身的,并不仅仅只是其物理特性。
Consider: If someone offered to replace a cherished item, like your wedding ring, with an exact, indistinguishable replica, would you accept? Most people refuse, because they believe there is something special about their particular ring. It's the same reason we might feel revulsion at wearing a shirt owned by a murderer. Objects are emotional.
试想:如果一个人提出要用一个完全一模一样的复制物来替换你的心爱之物,比如你的婚戒,你是否会同意?大多数人都不会同意,因为他们觉得这枚婚戒中有一种特别的东西。也正是出于相同原因,当我们穿一件杀人凶手穿过的衬衫时,我们可能会有强烈反感。
物体,是情绪化的。
Belief in essentialism starts early. In a 2007 study published in the journal Cognition, Hood and his colleagues told 3- to 6-year-old children that they could put their toys in a "copy box" that would exchange them for duplicates. The kids didn't care whether they played with originals or duplicates of most toys, but when offered the chance to duplicate their most cherished item, 25 percent refused. Most of those who did agree to duplicate their beloved toy wanted the original back right away, Hood reported. The kids had an emotional connection to that blanket, or that teddy bear, not one that looked just like it.
对本质论的支持很早就已出现。在期刊《认知》中所发布的一项2007年的研究中,Hood和其同事告诉一群3-6岁的孩子,他们可以把他们的玩具放到一个“复制盒”中,这个盒子会把玩具变成复制品。对于大多数玩具,孩子们根本不在乎他们玩的是本来的玩具还是“复制品”。但当告诉他们可以将最喜爱的物品放进去复制时,25%的孩子拒绝了。而对于那些的确同意复制最心爱玩具的孩子,其中大多数想要立刻拿回他们本来的玩具。这些孩子们这种独特情感只针对“那条”毯子、或“那只”泰迪熊,而非其他即使看起来一模一样的东西。
Even in adulthood, those emotions don't fade. In a study published in August 2010 in the Journal of Cognition and Culture, Hood and his fellow researchers asked people to cut up photographs of a cherished item. While the participants cut, the researchers recorded their galvanic skin response, a measure of tiny changes in sweat production on the skin. The more sweat, the more agitated the person.
即使在成年后,这些感情也并不会消褪。在《认知与文化》期刊2020年8月发布的一项研究中,Hood和他的研究人员同事让人们切割他们心爱之物的照片。当他们切割时,研究人员记录了他们的皮肤电反应,这可以检测出皮肤汗液分泌的细微变化。越多汗,意味着该人越激动。
The results showed that participants had a significant stress response to cutting up pictures of their beloved item compared with cutting up a picture of a valuable or neutral item. People even became distressed when researchers had them cut up a picture of their cherished item that was blurred past recognition.
结果显示,相对于切割一个宝贵或无情感含义的物品的照片,当切割心爱之物的照片时,这些实验对象表现出了显著的应激反应。甚至当研究人员让他们切割的心爱之物的照片已经模糊到无法辨识时,他们依旧会表现出痛苦感。
From the Perspective of “Endowment Effect”
从“禀赋效应”角度诠释
Studies on marketing and purchasing decisions suggest that our tendency to love objects goes beyond the soft and cuddly.
对市场营销和购买决策的研究显示,我们对物品的喜好,并不只限于那些柔软和想让人抱抱的物品。
A 2008 study in the Journal of Judgment and Decision Making revealed that people who held onto a mug for 30 seconds before bidding for it in an auction offered an average of 83 cents more for it than people who held the mug for 10 seconds.
在《判断和决策制定期刊》中的一项2008年的研究显示,在一场拍卖中,在出价前,握住水杯30秒的人,要比握住水杯仅10秒钟的人,对该水杯的平均出价高出83美分。
The effect is even greater when the item is fun to touch, said Suzanne Shu, a professor of behavioral sciences in the school of management at the University of California, Los Angeles. She's done studies finding that people get more attached to a pen with a "nice, smooshy grip" than an identical, gripless pen.
当物品触感愉悦时,该效应更明显,洛杉矶加州大学管理学院行为科学教授 Suzanne Shu说道。她曾做过相关研究,结果发现,相对于一只一模一样、但无防滑套的笔,人们更喜欢一只“柔软有弹性防滑套”的笔。
The findings seem to be an extension of what's called the "endowment effect," or people's tendency to value things more when they feel ownership over it, Shu said.
“这些发现结果似乎是“禀赋效应”的延伸。禀赋效应,即,当人们感到对一件物品有所有权时,他们就更可能重视它。” Shu表示。
"Part of the story of what happens with touch is it almost becomes an extension of yourself," she said. "You feel like it's more a part of you, and you just have this deeper attachment to it."
“关于触觉的这种神奇魔力,其中一部分原因是,它让你感觉成为了你身体的一个延伸部分,”她说,“你感到它更像是你的一部分,你与它之间就产生了一种更深的联系。”
Whether this touch-based attachment might relate to the love people feel for snuggly childhood teddy bears, no one yet knows. But human relationships to objects can certainly be long-running and deep.
这种触觉所带来的依恋是否与人们对童年时期的可爱泰迪熊的依恋相关,目前还不得而知,但人类与物品之间的情感肯定是可以持久、深刻的。
So when might a security blanket or a comfort habit become a problem?
何时安全毯或慰藉习惯才会有问题?
If it’s just a little much-cuddled blanket or soft toy, your only real worry will be trying to get the stinking article in the washing machine sometimes, or if it’s unique, what you’re going to do about it when it gets lost. And eventually – years on – there’s the possibility that it will cause you a little embarrassment or difficulty if they’re still trailing it round at school-age and need to be dissuaded from taking it in to the classroom with them.
如果只是一个常常被抱着的小毯子或柔软玩具,你唯一需要担心的,只是有时候该如何想法设法把这件脏兮兮的小物品丢到洗衣机里。或者,如果它很独特,当它丢了时你该怎么办。而且,数年后,如果到了读书年龄孩子还依旧带着它,而且需要被劝说不要把它带到教室时,它还可能会给你带来一些尴尬或者困难。
Dummies and thumbs are a little different, because dentists remind us that really serious sucking habits can misalign teeth, whilst speech therapists warn they could hinder speech and language development (which certainly makes sense: if a child’s always got a teat in his mouth, he won’t be able to talk, and practise talking, properly.)
但安抚奶嘴和拇指却稍有不同,因为牙医告诉我们,严重的吮吸习惯会导致牙齿不整齐,而语言理疗师也警告说它们会阻碍语言能力的发育(这个很容易理解:如果一个孩子总是含着安抚奶嘴,那么他就无法好好地说话或练习说话等。)
Neither of these things need be a problem with sensible dummy use – in other words, if they only have their dummy when it’s truly needed, at sleep times or when the chips are down and comfort is required. Thumbs, of course, cannot be taken away but accepted wisdom is that you’ll only make it worse if you pester a thumb-sucker to stop. Better to chill out about it and, if it persists beyond school age, to perhaps employ some gentle, positive tactics that will encourage them to stop in their own time: a reward chart may well prove to be your friend here.
而如果合理使用——比如只有在真正需要的时候、睡觉时,或特别需要慰藉时才使用安抚奶嘴——那么就无需担心。当然,拇指没法拿掉,但经验证明,持续强行要求孩子停止这种习惯,只会让情形变得更糟。最好泰然处之,随它而去,如果过了学龄,这种习惯依旧持续,如果想要用一些柔和、正面的干预措施:那么奖励表这种方式可能会很有效。
Bottom line is there’s no compelling reason not to give a baby a comforter of some sort if you think it could be helpful, or discourage them from developing a comfort habit of their own if that’s what they seem to be doing. And in most cases, there should be no need to feel alarmed about it even if the habit continues for a long time to come.
总之,如果你觉得某种安慰物品对孩子会有益,那么就没什么特别正当的理由去拒绝给予孩子这样东西,如果孩子似乎在形成某种慰藉习惯,那么也没有什么特别正当的理由去阻止他形成这种习惯。而且,在大多数情形下,即使这种习惯在未来会持续很久,也没必要大惊小怪。
Truth is, the vast majority of comfort habits and transitional objects will be left behind by the comfort seeker themselves at some point, without too much in the way of heartache or hassle, and with no undue consequences.
事实上,在某个人生阶段,这些慰藉习惯和过渡物都会被自然而然抛诸脑后,而且不会带来任何不良后果。
References:
https://psychcentral.com/blog/do-you-still-have-a-security-blanket/
https://www.kiddycharts.com/behaviour/security-blanket-does-your-little-one-have-a-comfort-habit/
https://www.mentalhelp.net/blogs/the-transitional-objects-and-self-comfort/
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/shame/201806/no-shame-in-adult-comfort-dolls
https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Transitional_objects
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-guest-room/201407/more-just-teddy-bears
Modified on 2020-03-17
本站涵盖的内容、图片、视频等数据系网络收集，部分未能与原作者取得联系。若涉及版权问题，请联系我们进行删除！谢谢大家！